319 research outputs found

    PremiÚres traces d'anthropisation et évolution des activités agropastorales revelées par l'analyse pollinique des zones humides. Application au sud-Cantal

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    2006 correspond Ă  la derniĂšre annĂ©e du programme de recherches triennal. L’accent a Ă©tĂ© mis sur la poursuite des prospections systĂ©matiques pĂ©destres et Ă  la finalisation des Ă©tudes palĂ©oenvironnementales (BSR 2003, p. 48 ; BSR 2004, p. 44 ; BSR 2005, p. 50-52). Du point de la vue de la prospection, la campagne a Ă©tĂ© orientĂ©e sur les zones encore non reconnues (parties hautes des communes de Malbo et Pailherols, est de la commune de Saint-ClĂ©ment). Par ailleurs, nous avons rĂ©examinĂ© certains ..

    Les premiÚres traces d'anthropisation et évolution des activités agropastorales révélées par l'analyse pollinique des zones humides (application au Sud Cantal)

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    Identifiant de l'opĂ©ration archĂ©ologique : 70 Date de l'opĂ©ration : 2007 (PT) L’annĂ©e 2007 a vu le renouvellement de l’opĂ©ration archĂ©ologique, qui a entamĂ© sa septiĂšme annĂ©e d’existence (BSR 2003, p. 48 ; BSR 2004, p. 44 ; BSR 2005, p. 50-52 ; BSR 2006, p. 45-48, Yannick Miras). Rappelons que le but du programme est l’étude pluridisciplinaire et diachronique de l’histoire du peuplement humain d’un secteur de moyenne montagne, des origines Ă  la fin de l’époque moderne. Le projet rassemble une..

    Utilisation d'un systÚme d'information géographique pour l'étude de la localisation des dolmens et des menhirs. Application aux monuments de la planÚze de Saint-Flour (Cantal)

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    When doing some previous research work on the Auvergne megalithic monuments, we were able to show clearly that the location of dolmens and menhirs had not been, in most cases, dictated by favourable geological conditions. On the contrary, the choice of the site was the result of the deliberate will of the megalith builders, which had meant great efforts for them. The builders had looked for some prominent position which would offer the monuments a wide visibility. In order to find out which elements exactly had determined the location of the monuments, we have used a geographical information system. We have worked on the "planĂšze" (volcanic plateau) of St Flour (Cantal) where most of the Auvergne menhirs and chiefly the dolmens are concentrated. Of course, many factors must be taken into account, among which are the original size of the monuments and the nature of the existing vegetation at the time of their construction. The latter factor has not been considered on account of our very imprecise knowledge of the paleoenvironment. We can notice that the monuments are distributed quite regularly across the central part of the "planĂšze", called low planĂšze, where arable land could be found. Apart from two dolmens which are nearly next to each other, the other monuments are stationed along perimeters of roughly the same area. And so, in some way, we can say that they "marked the boundaries" of the territory. When analysing the fields of visibility, we have noticed that they are nearly contiguous (if not taking the vegetation into account). Quite clearly, this factor, whether of actual or symbolic nature, played an important part in the location of megalithic monuments. As a result, we can suggest that because the visibility fields were not overlapping one another, most of the monuments must have been used or even built at the same period. Then it could be suggested that they were distributed along the distinctive territories of small communities of farmers/cattle breeders. Some monuments are wholly different from the others, which might imply a different age or function. Finally, no clear distinction could be seen between dolmens and menhirs, the latter being in very small number.Lors de prĂ©cĂ©dentes recherches sur les monuments mĂ©galithiques d'Auvergne, nous avons pu mettre en Ă©vidence que la localisation des dolmens et menhirs n'avait pas Ă©tĂ© dictĂ©e, dans la majeure partie des cas, par des opportunitĂ©s d'ordre gĂ©ologique. Au contraire, le choix de l'implantation a Ă©tĂ© le fruit d'une volontĂ© dĂ©libĂ©rĂ©e de la part des constructeurs, au prix d'efforts souvent considĂ©rables. Les constructeurs ont recherchĂ© des endroits Ă©levĂ©s, assurant aux monuments une large visibilitĂ©. Nous avons voulu approfondir cette question des critĂšres ayant dictĂ© la localisation des monuments, par le biais d'un systĂšme d'information gĂ©ographique. La zone d'Ă©tudes retenue est la planĂšze de Saint-Flour (Cantal), principale concentration actuelle de menhirs et surtout de dolmens en Auvergne. Bien Ă©videmment, de multiples paramĂštres doivent ĂȘtre pris en compte, parmi lesquels la hauteur originelle des Ă©difices et la nature de la vĂ©gĂ©tation existante Ă  l'Ă©poque. Ce dernier critĂšre n'a pas Ă©tĂ© intĂ©grĂ©, du fait de la connaissance trĂšs imprĂ©cise du palĂ©oenvironnement. Le positionnement des monuments se caractĂ©rise par une distribution assez uniforme dans la partie centrale de la planĂšze, dite basse planĂšze, qui correspond aussi aux terres propices Ă  la mise en culture. Hormis le cas de deux dolmens presque contigus, les autres monuments dĂ©limitent des pĂ©rimĂštres d'importance sensiblement Ă©gale et « jalonnent » en quelque sorte le territoire. L'analyse des champs de visibilitĂ© montre une presque parfaite contiguĂŻtĂ© des pĂ©rimĂštres de visibilitĂ© (sans prise en compte de la vĂ©gĂ©tation). A l'Ă©vidence, ce critĂšre, qu'il ait Ă©tĂ© de nature rĂ©elle ou symbolique, a comptĂ© dans le choix de l'implantation des mĂ©galithes. Cette absence de recouvrement des champs devisibilitĂ© plaide aussi en faveur de la contemporanĂ©itĂ© du fonctionnement, voire de l'Ă©dification de la majeure partie des monuments. Leur distribution pourrait alors ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ©e comme l'indice de territoires distincts de petites communautĂ©s d'agriculteurs/Ă©leveurs. Quelques monuments se dĂ©marquent du lot commun, ce qui peut ĂȘtre interprĂ©tĂ© comme l'indice d'un Ăąge ou d'une fonction diffĂ©rents des autres. Enfin, aucune diffĂ©renciation marquante n'a pu ĂȘtre observĂ©e entre dolmens et menhirs, ces derniers Ă©tant toutefois trĂšs peu nombreux

    Pitch production during the Roman period: an intensive mountain industry for a globalised economy?

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    The authors’ research project in the Pyrenees mountains has located and excavated Roman kilns for producing pitch from pine resin. Their investigations reveal a whole sustainable industry, integrated into the local environmental cycle, supplying pitch to the Roman network and charcoal as a spin-off to the local iron extractors. The paper makes a strong case for applying combined archaeological and palaeoenvironmental investigations in upland areas, showing mountain industries to have been not so much marginal and pastoral as key players in the economy of the Roman period and beyond it into the seventh century AD

    Multi-Pluridisciplinary approach of the evolution of the agro-pastural activities in the surroundings of the " narse d'Espinasse " (French Massif Central, Puy de DĂŽme).

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    The ldquonarserdquo or peat marsh of Espinasse (Saulzet-le-Froid district) situated in the southern part of the ChaĂźne des Puys has been the subject of a new pollen analysis concentrating on the anthropogenic impact on vegetation evolution since the Sub-Boreal. Human occupation of the surroundings of the narse is dated as early as the Neolithic, which is usual for the region. There is nevertheless an isolated record of Fagopyrum related to the Neolithic. This is a unique occurrence in the Massif Central. For successive periods and up to the recent past, a dynamic of various anthropization phases has been reconstructed. The combination of palynological data with archaeological and historical sources has for certain periods, mainly from the 11th to 13th centuries, provided new insights on the social and technical management of the territory. Furthermore, geochemical and micromorphological characterisation of sedimentary organic matter has led to the identification of erosive crises and silting which would have followed massive tree cutting in the region. On the local scale, the highly degraded organic matter at the top of the peat profile is the consequence of the current drainage of the marsh

    Habiter la montagne. DĂ©bat

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    Christine RenduMarginale, inoccupĂ©e, naturelle
 La montagne ne l’est que dans un imaginaire romantique. Car ces « pelouses » d’altitude ont Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es par l’homme dĂšs le NĂ©olithique. Ces terroirs devenus objets d’étude pour les sciences de la nature et les sciences de l’homme sont un nouvel espace de recherche, un laboratoire pour Ă©laborer des questions propres qui permettent de repenser plus largement ce que reprĂ©sente le fait d’habiter. Nous sommes hĂ©ritiers d’une longue tradition romantiqu..

    Recherches sur l’histoire de l’occupation humaine sur la planùze sud du Plomb du Cantal

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    Le programme de recherches sur le peuplement de la planĂšze sud du Plomb du Cantal a dĂ©butĂ© en 2000. Il concerne un secteur de moyenne montagne volcanique d’environ 50 km2, situĂ© sur la partie haute des communes de Lacapelle-BarrĂšs, Brezons, Malbo, Saint-ClĂ©ment et Pailherols (cantons de Vic-sur-CĂšre et de Pierrefort, dĂ©partement du Cantal). L’altitude s’échelonne de  1 000 Ă   1 600 m. Le projet vise Ă  reconstituer l’histoire du peuplement et des activitĂ©s humaines des origines jusqu’à la fin de l’époque moderne. À cette fin, une Ă©quipe pluridisciplinaire et diachronique a Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©e, composĂ©e de palĂ©oenvironnementalistes et d’archĂ©ologues. Les recherchent comportent des prospections pĂ©destres et aĂ©riennes, des sondages, des fouilles programmĂ©es, l’étude des sources Ă©crites et un gros volet d’études palĂ©oenvironnementales. À ce jour, plus de 700 sites et indices de sites probables ont Ă©tĂ© recensĂ©s, depuis la piĂšce lithique prĂ©historique isolĂ©e jusqu’au hameau d’époque mĂ©diĂ©vale. L’ensemble constitue un corpus qui a pu ĂȘtre analysĂ© Ă  l’aide d’un SystĂšme d’Information GĂ©ographique. La chronologie des sites va de la PrĂ©histoire rĂ©cente, notamment de la transition MĂ©solithique final/NĂ©olithique ancien aux Ă©poques mĂ©diĂ©vale et moderne caractĂ©risĂ©es par de nombreux vestiges de bĂątiments semi-enterrĂ©s.A research project on the settlement of the southern “planĂšze” in Plomb du Cantal was launched in 2000. This project focuses on a medium-altitude volcanic mountain rĂ©gion approximately 40 km2 in area, which comprises the upper part of townships of Lacapelle-BarrĂšs, Brezons, Malbo Saint ClĂ©ment and Pailherols (in the cantons of Vic-sur-CĂšre and Pierrefort, department of Cantal). The altitude of the region studied ranges between 1000 and 1600 m. The aim of this project is to trace the history of human settlement and the human activities carried out in this region from the origins to the end of the modern era. For this purpose, a multidisciplinary research group was set up, consisting of both paleoenvironmentalists and archaeologists, to carry out the prospections on the field and from the air, coring explorations, excavations, archive searches and paleoenvironmental studies. In the first stage, the emphasis was on site detection, followed by coring explorations, systematic excavations and studies on written documents, and many paleoenvironmental studies were also carried out. More than 700 sites and candidate sites have been listed to date, from isolated lithic prehistoric sites to medieval hamlets. All the information collected forms a corpus, which was analysed using a Geographic Information System. The chronology of the sites goes from recent Prehistory, especially during the period of transition from the late Mesolithic to the early Neolithic period to Middle Age and Modern Times, which are characterized by many vestiges of half-buried buildings

    Regional variability in peatland burning at mid- to high-latitudes during the Holocene

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    Acknowledgements This work developed from the PAGES (Past Global Changes) C-PEAT (Carbon in Peat on EArth through Time) working group. PAGES has been supported by the US National Science Foundation, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences. We acknowledge the following financial support: UK Natural Environment Research Council Training Grants NE/L002574/1 (T.G.S.) and NE/S007458/1 (R.E.F.); Dutch Foundation for the Conservation of Irish Bogs, Quaternary Research Association and Leverhulme Trust RPG-2021-354 (G.T.S); the Academy of Finland (M.V); PAI/SIA 80002 and FONDECYT IniciaciĂłn 11220705 - ANID, Chile (C.A.M.); R20F0002 (PATSER) ANID Chile (R.D.M.); Swedish Strategic Research Area (SRA) MERGE (ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system) (M.J.G.); Polish National Science Centre Grant number NCN 2018/29/B/ST10/00120 (K.A.); Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 19-14-00102 (Y.A.M.); University of Latvia Grant No. AAp2016/B041/Zd2016/AZ03 and the Estonian Science Council grant PRG323 (TrackLag) (N.S. and A.M.); U.S. Geological Survey Land Change Science/Climate Research & Development Program (M.J., L.A., and D.W.); German Research Foundation (DFG), grant MA 8083/2-1 (P.M.) and grant BL 563/19-1 (K.H.K.); German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), grant no. 57044554, Faculty of Geosciences, University of MĂŒnster, and Bavarian University Centre for Latin America (BAYLAT) (K.H.K). Records from the Global Charcoal Database supplemented this work and therefore we would like to thank the contributors and managers of this open-source resource. We also thank Annica Greisman, Jennifer Shiller, Fredrik Olsson and Simon van Bellen for contributing charcoal data to our analyses. Any use of trade, firm, or product name is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Peer reviewedPostprin
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